Великобритания

from the point of view of British law [1], but issues of defense and foreign policy (with the exception of customs and immigration ) delegated to the UK government

5. How did attitude to colonization change during this century?
As India became a colony, the Company's policy became increasingly determined by the results of the struggle for the British industrial bourgeoisie to participate in (Colonial profits. This was reflected in the growing role of parliament in the management of India. The Charter of the Company was renewed approximately (every 10 years). political struggle in England.

6. What give the British a sense of supreme confidence?

Awareness of belonging to the greatest empire
7. Tell about the changes in social structure.
In agriculture, the capitalist order was established while preserving the land ownership of landlords. The landlords leased their land to capitalist farmers who hired agricultural laborers to process it. Some farmers had their own land and cultivated it themselves. Most of the peasants lost their plots, and the peasantry as a class by the middle of the XIX century. disappeared. Part of the villagers went to the cities, the other part turned into farm laborers, many left for America. A fifth of the country's population remained in the village. The center of economic life has moved from the villages to the cities.

8. Tell about Queen Victoria. (ruled from 1837 to 1901, she became
Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from June 20, 1837 to death. Empress of India from May 1, 1876 (proclaimed in India - January 1, 1877).

Victoria was the daughter of Edward, Duke of Kent, fourth son of George III.
Victoria stayed on the throne for 63 years, seven months and two days; she was the longest-serving monarch in British history (in Europe, the longest-serving monarch was Louis XIV, who reigned 72 years) until the 67th anniversary of the reign of Elizabeth II. The Victorian era was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific and military development of Great Britain and the time of the greatest prosperity of the British Empire. She was the last British monarch of the Hanoverian dynasty.
9. What values do we call Victorian?

For the social appearance of the epoch, a strict moral code (gentlemanhood) is characteristic, enshrining conservative values and class differences, romanticism and mysticism
10. Are these values still acute?
No, they are not

11. What reforms took place in political and public life?

At that time, the radicals formed an extreme faction that developed the “People’s Charter” - a petition to parliament, where it demanded universal suffrage, secret ballot, annually renewed parliaments
12. Speak about education.
13. Until the beginning of the XIX century, there was a system of compulsory free primary secular education in the country.
The sphere of higher and special education also developed; University College, University of London, and then King's College - two institutions that now make up the University of London. Also at the beginning of the 19th century, the University of Durham was founded. In addition, at the University of Eng. University Redbrick - educational institutions that studied applied or engineering disciplines.

13. Speak about writers and intellectuals of that time.
Queen Victoria, Charles Darwin, Charles Dickens, Daniel Defoe



Seminar VI
IDENTITY
Ethnic Identity: the Native British
1. Tell about clubs for people who call themselves Scottish, Welsh or Irish.
The Scottish (Scots, Gael. Albannaich) - a nation that inhabits the northern half of the island of Great Britain and the adjacent islands. Historically, the Scots descended from two peoples - the Picts and the Gels, who founded the kingdom of Alba in the 9th century, which later became the Scottish kingdom.
The Wallisans (English Welsh people - the current version remained by analogy with the outdated transfer of the name of Wales - Wallis, as well as for greater convenience of pronunciation) - the Celtic people inhabiting Wales (United Kingdom).
Irlanders, the people of Ireland (Irish. Muintir na hÉireann, na hÉireannaigh, na Gaeil / Gaeilgi) - Celtic people, the indigenous population of Ireland (3.6 million people), live in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.

2. How do people in Scotland promote their distinctiveness?
Peculiar institutions survived in Scotland for a long time, when it was a sovereign state. For a long time attempts have been made to unite Scotland and England. The Scots for a long time successfully repelled the invaders, which contributed to the consolidation of national identity. In 1603, when after the death of Elizabeth I, the Scottish king Jacob VI peacefully established himself on the English throne, both countries came under the authority of one monarch, but each kept its own parliament and its own governing bodies. Then, in accordance with the Union Act 1707, Scotland and England entered the United Kingdom with a single parliament and central government.
3. What do they do on 25th of January?
he national holiday - the birthday of the outstanding poet Robert Burns (Robert Burns, January 25, 1759 - July 21, 1796) is widely celebrated in his homeland in Scotland. The Scots are very proud of their famous compatriot and honor his memory. The holiday is held not only in Scotland, but also in many areas of Britain.


Scotland: mini quiz (to be done in writing)
1. What is Tam o’Shanter?
Tam O'Shenter (Eng. Tam o 'Shanter) - a poem (with the subtitle "a story in verse") by Scottish poet Robert Burns, written by him in 1790 and published from print in 1791. The poetic work belonging to the Gothic genre is imbued with humor and the inexhaustible love of life inherent in the works of the Scottish classic.

2. What is haggis?
Haggis (English Haggis) - the national Scottish dish of lamb offal (heart, liver and lungs), chopped with onions, oatmeal, lard, seasonings and salt and cooked in lamb stomach.

3. What is Dundee cake?

Dundee's traditional Scottish Christmas cupcake contains a lot of dried fruit and takes time to ripen. For a month and a half, it is impregnated with the aroma of fillers and acquires a very delicate texture and simply magical taste.

4. What is Land of Hope and Glory?

patriotic song
5. What is tartan?
tartan - an ornament formed by a twill weave of threads, pre-painted in different colors

6. Who is Scotland’s national poet?
Robert Burns
7. What are reels?
traditional scottish musical instrument

8. Name Scotland’s main musical instrument.
bagpipes


5. Why are Welsh people so loyal?
«We have been the longest component of the UK and thus a greater contributor. Welsh soldiers have been at the forefront of English armies since the start of the 1100s. We loosed arrows at the French at Agincourt, fought with Royalists and Parliamentarians in the civil war. Slew our King or Queens foes. We carved out the Empire alongside English, Scots and Irish men. We were prideful during the Napoleonic era and provided loyal and effective line and light troops»

Name single highly important symbol of Welsh identity. - worship

Robert Burns
Ethnic Identity: the non-native British
1. How large is the non-white population of Britain?
In the second half of the twentieth century, Great Britain experienced a significant influx of migrants from Asia and Africa, mainly from former colonies and dominions. For a fairly short historical scale, the time span in the former metropolis has formed a noticeable number and influence of the visiting community.
2. Of what origin are most non-whites in Britain?
For example, by 2011, the total number of Indian migrants and their descendants in the UK was about 1.5 million, while the number of people from Africa reached about 1 million

3. Are the non-white people proud of their identity?
Non-white people are proud of their identity too much

4. Is there race discrimination in Great Britain?
Gender discrimination is still an issue in the UK. According to statistics, black citizens are seven times more likely than people with a European appearance are stopped on the streets for searches, in most cases without any justification.

5. What about the situation in Russia?
There is no racial discrimination in Russia


The Family
1. Speak about family identity in Britain.
The British Royal Family (English. British Royal Family) - a group of close relatives of the monarch of Great Britain. In 1917, George V, because of the war with Germany, abandoned all German titles for himself and his heirs and renamed the Saxe-Coburg-Gothic dynasty into the house of Windsor.

2. Let’s compare the average number of people per household.
The population of the UK according to the 2011 census was 63,181,775 people, including in England - 53,012,456 people, in Scotland - 5,296,000 people, Wales - 3,063,456 people, in Northern Ireland - 1,810,863 people. [ one] In its structure, it is distinguished by multinationality, multiculturalism and the mixed nature of the settlement of emigrants and indigenous people. Detailed reports on all aspects of population life are provided on the state statistics website.

3. What family gatherings most popular?
New Year’s Day, Burns’ Night , St Patrick’s Day, Easter Sunday, St George’s Day, The Queen’s Official Birthday ,Halloween, Christmas

4. Speak the rate of divorce.
5. Last year, 106.9 thousand cfs were recorded as reported by www.theuk.one. Charge of heterogeneous pair of pairs, which is 5.8% more than in 2015. This was the highest increase in year-to-date since 1985, when it produced a 10.9% gain. Of the 112 single-pair pairs in 2016, 78% of them were female. Among heterosexual pa- rameters, the ratio was the highest among women in the age of 3 0 years and men in the age of 45 to 49 years. With a total of 1 thousand. women and men were married 8.9 times.


Geographical Identity

1. Why is a sense of identity based on the place of birth not very strong?
among the British, love of country is expressed through undisguised antipathy towards foreigners and everything foreign. Accordingly, the words foreign [foreign] and foreigner [foreigner] have negative connotations. These shades of hostility are so strong that even a seemingly neutral terminological phrase has been completely neutral in the modern English language: the faculty of modern languages.

2. Why is a sense of identity with a larger geographical area a bit stronger?
because a sense of pride is also added to affection

3. What is Cockney?
Cockney is one of the most famous types of London vernacular, named after the scornfully-mocking nickname of the natives of London from the middle and lower strata of the population.

4. Why is subdivision south–north based on some resentment?
More than seven million Britons have never traveled around the United Kingdom, with two thirds of the inhabitants of the south calling the north of the UK "dismal", and half of the northerners consider their southern neighbors arrogant snobs. Nearly five million southerners (15 percent) have never been to the north of their country, and 2.3 million northerners (one-tenth) have never traveled to the south of England. Three-quarters of British residents admitted that they form their negative attitude towards residents of other regions on the basis of cheap TV shows on English television.
Men and Women
1. What differences are accepted in men’s and women’s behavior?
The results of one of the most authoritative studies in this field were published in 2001. Scientists Paul Costa, Robert McCrae and Antonio Terraciano offered more than 23 thousand men and women, representing 26 different cultures, to fill out personal questionnaires.

Regardless of cultural affiliation (including representatives from Hong Kong, USA, India and Russia), women generally ascribed to themselves qualities such as cordiality, friendliness, anxiety, and shyness
Men, on the other hand, tended to characterize themselves as persistent and open to new ideas.

In terms of the personality psychology, women, on average, were dominated by two qualities of the so-called Big Five personality traits, namely, readiness to negotiate (associated with coexistence) and neuroticism (characterized by high intelligence), as well as one of the aspects of openness to experience.
In men, one aspect of extraversion was more pronounced, as well as an aspect of openness to experience, not peculiar to women.

2. Speak about the family.
According to statistics, these days an English man marries an average of 32 years old, and a woman 30 years old. I emphasize that we are talking about the first marriage.

For most Russians, who sincerely believe that if a girl is not married by the age of 25, then something is wrong with her - it is criminally late. But for the leisurely English, not accustomed to the rush and in any other affairs - just right.


3. Where is the sharpest distinction between the two sexes found?

Men in the left hemisphere have a center responsible for speech, and if a man receives an injury to this hemisphere, he loses speech and stops “seeing” the drawings ”in three-dimensional space. In women, two centers are responsible for speech: a little more - in the left hemisphere, a smaller one - in the right. To become numb, she needs to get a serious injury to both hemispheres of the brain. An injured left hemisphere will not prevent the average woman from reading the blueprints. True, they see them differently: flat.

Social and everyday contacts
1. Is it true that British people give a high value to the everyday personal contacts?
The British are inherent features such as restraint, a tendency to understatement, scrupulousness, which causes the British to be closed and unsociable with strangers, honoring property, enterprise, efficiency. The British have a highly developed sense of justice, so when doing business, they profess a belief in fair play, do not tolerate cunning and deceit.


Identity in Northern Ireland

The ethnic composition of the population of Northern Ireland is heterogeneous: there are about 500 thousand indigenous inhabitants of the island of Ireland - Irish Catholics and about 1 million Anglo-Irish and Scottish-Irish. Most are Protestants, who are British by culture and tradition. They are committed to maintaining constitutional ties with the British crown. The rest of the population of Northern Ireland is Catholic and Irish in culture and history. This part of the population is in favor of an alliance with the Republic of Ireland. Thus, in Northern Ireland, three populations have historically been formed, differing among themselves in religion and culture, these populations are very wary of each other. Eastern areas of Northern Ireland were occupied by settlers from Scotland - Presbyterians, the British and Northern provinces settled by the British, who belonged to the Anglican Church, and the remnants of the indigenous population - Irish and Catholic by religion - lived in the extreme western and border regions of Ireland.